I don't have the book with me, so I'm going to try to remember all the points. Okay. This all comes from the book Timeline.
Basically, a group of historical students find a handwritten note by their missing professor. The problem? The note and ink were dated to the 1400's. The students go to the people who sent the professor to the past to try and get him back. One of them asks how time travel works. The guys in charge tell them that it isn't time travel. Time is not a place, so you can't travel to it. Then they explain about the multiverse.
There are alternate timelines where Hilter won the war, where Lincoln wasn't killed, etc. There are millions of timelines that are almost exactly like ours save a flower was picked, a coin toss landed tails instead of heads, etc. Now, because there are an infinite number of timelines, there are timelines in 1400s, in the 300's, that are all happening at the same time as ours. So they get sent to the past, and the story goes on.
Now, Aang could have seen Toph from one of these other timelines. He does need to find an earthbending teacher, after all, and because he's the "bridge" between the worlds, it opened up an small glimpse into the timeline where he knows Toph. This timeline could be in a few weeks, when he does meet Toph in Gaoling, but it's happening at the same time as this timeline.
I'm sorry if that last part doesn't make any sense. And I don't know how much of this is fiction. But it is an interesting theory.